Spherical Atomic Norm-Inspired Approach for Direction-of-Arrival Estimation of EM Waves Impinging on Spherical Antenna Array with Undefined Mutual Coupling

A spherical antenna array (SAA) is an array-designed arrangement capable of scanning in almost all the radiation sphere with constant directivity. It finds recent applications aerospace, spacecraft, vehicular and satellite communications. Therefore, estimation direction-of-arrival (DoA) electromagnetic (EM) waves that impinge on SAA unknown mutual coupling called for research attention. This paper proposed a harmonic atomic norm minimization (SHANM) DoA using configuration. The gridless sparse signal recovery problem considered (SH) domain conjunction (ANM). Because unavailability Vandermonde structure SH domain, theorem decomposition mathematical basis traditional ANM methods no application SH. Addressing this challenge, low-dimensional semidefinite programming (SDP) approach implementing SHANM method developed. independent decomposition, directly recovers numerical experimental results show superior performance against previous methods. In addition, accounting impacts coupling, measured data, which generally accepted ground testing any method, employed to illustrate efficacy robustness Finally, achieving sufficient localization accuracy SAA, SHANM-based better option.